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The Blacky Pictures Test was a projective test, employing a series of twelve picture cards, used by psychoanalysts in mid-20th century America and elsewhere, to investigate the extent to which children's personalities were shaped by Freudian psychosexual development. The test was created by Gerald S. Blum in 1947,〔 who was later Professor of Psychology at the University of Michigan. The drawings depicted a family of cartoon dogs in normal situations which could be related to psychoanalytic theory. The main character, 'Blacky', was accompanied by a sibling Tippy, and by a mother and father. Blacky's gender was determined by the gender of the test subject. Children were asked to make up a story, based in the drawings in the pictures, and the content of their responses, when analysed, was thought to indicate the extent of Freudian personality traits, such as an anal personality, castration anxiety or penis envy. The Blacky Pictures Test's worth, as a source of useful data, was questioned by psychologists, among them Hans Eysenck, and they since have fallen out of use. ==Background== Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the father of psychoanalysis, is well known for his theory of psychosexual development, which has had a lasting impact on the field. Freud became interested in the psychosexual development of children and constructed five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. It is generally agreed that the interaction between nature and nurture affects how a child progresses through these stages which, in turn, reflects the outcome of individual personality characteristics.〔Nye, R.D. (1986). ''Three psychologies: Perspectives from Freud, Skinner, and Rogers''. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Inc.〕 In his early research, Freud approached the treatment of hysteria through a free association technique in which patients simply let their mind wander freely, reporting all thoughts, feelings or memories that came to mind.〔Fancher, R. E, & Rutherford, A. (2012). ''A history: Pioneers of psychology''. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.〕 A self-analysis, following the death of his father, led Freud to develop a theory of childhood sexuality. Through his own free associations, he recovered a childhood dream in which he had wished for the death of his father and sexual desires for his mother.〔 This led to his discovery of what he called the Oedipus complex, in which there exists a strong sexual desire for the opposite-sexed parent and major attitudes of rivalry for the same-sexed parent.〔 This phenomenon appears in both sexes during the phallic stage of development.〔 As a boy's feelings for his mother intensifies, castration anxiety develops because he sees his father as a dominant figure and fears he will be castrated for his inappropriate desires for his mother.〔 This phenomena also occurs in girls, and is referred to by some as the Electra complex.〔 The girl develops penis envy, realizing she does not have one and these feelings make her reject her mother and desire her father.〔 All of these inappropriate feelings eventually lead to an inner conflict that is resolved only by identification with the same-sex parent.〔 Freud's theory of psychosexual development eventually led to the invention of a theoretically-derived test. Gerald Blum created the Blacky Pictures Test in 1947,〔http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0091651X.1968.10120461〕 when there were hopes of discovering deeper knowledge of changes in personality as psychosexual development advances.〔Blum, G. S., & Hunt, H. F. (1952). "The validity of the blacky pictures". ''Psychological Bulletin'', 49, 238-250.〕 Each of the 12 cartoons used in the test illustrates either a different stage of psychosexual development or an object relationship using four main characters: Blacky, Mama, Papa and Tippy. Dogs were used in the cartoons, instead of humans, to avoid possible inhibition. Dogs have appeared as characters in Disney productions and comic strips, and so child participants are able to identify with the characters enough to express their true feelings.〔 In a typical test session, the subject is asked to examine the picture and tell a story about it. The subject is then asked a series of short-answer and multiple-choice questions about his or her understanding of the cartoons. Finally, he or she is asked to rate their preference for the cartoons shown.〔 Blacky represents the "son" to male subjects and the "daughter" to female subjects. An objective scoring system is then used to rate responses. Results are analyzed and interpreted to find that the subject has a "strong" personality type such as anal, oral or phallic, corresponding to one of the psychosexual development stages.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Blacky Pictures Test」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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